Discriminatory conduct based on pregnancy or pregnancy-related conditions is a form of gender-based discrimination. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, in combination with the Civil Rights Act of 1991, serves to protect the rights of various groups of people from discrimination in the workplace based on membership in a protected category. Sex is a protected category. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 clarified the scope of protection and remedies available to victims of discrimination. Several federal agencies work closely with state governments and employers to prevent discrimination in the workplace. These include the Department of Labor and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Rules:
- Discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth or related medical conditions is unlawful under federal law.
- In addition, employers may not discriminate against pregnant women on the basis of marital status. Pregnancy-related benefits must be extended to married and single workers alike.
- Employers may not refuse to hire a pregnant woman unless the pregnancy would prevent her from performing major functions of her job.
- If the employee becomes temporarily unable to perform her job due to pregnancy-related conditions, the employer must treat her the same as any temporarily disabled employee. For example, the employer may provide modified tasks, alternative assignments, disability leave or leave without pay.
- The employer may not require the employee to remain on leave until the birth of the child if she recovers from the pregnancy-related condition and is able to work.
- Pregnant employees must be permitted to work as long as they are able to perform their job.
Definitions:
- Protected Categories are groups of persons with characteristics in common, such as race, sex or nationality, that Congress has decided must be protected from discriminatory practices. Congress generally bases this determination on a history of discrimination.
- Pregnancy-Related Conditions are health problems that arise out of or are closely related to pregnancy.
Filing Requirements and Limitations:
- Use any employer complaint mechanism or grievance system available so that the offender will be directly informed of the inappropriate conduct and so that the company will have the opportunity to take prompt and appropriate remedial action. Taking this step will also ensure that a written record of the conduct is on file.
- The federal law that governs sex-based discrimination, including pregnancy discrimination, only applies to companies and businesses with 15 or more employees.
- Your claim must first be pre-filed with the EEOC within 180 days of the potentially unlawful action or within 300 days of the unlawful action if your state is a referral jurisdiction state. Tennessee is a referral jurisdiction state. The deadline will not be extended because of internal investigation of the incident within the company.
- A lawsuit must be filed within 90 days of the receipt of a right-to-sue letter from the EEOC.
- If you believe that you have been discriminated against due to a pregnancy, it is best to contact an attorney immediately, who will advise you of your rights and duties under the law.
Remedies and Damages:
Back Pay
- This is the most common form of relief
- It includes the value of wages, salary, and fringe benefits the claimant would have received during the period of discrimination from the date of termination/failure to promote to the date of trial.
- You have a duty to mitigate these damages by taking reasonable efforts to find comparable employment after you have been terminated.
Compensatory Damages
- Awarded for emotional distress, pain and suffering, inconvenience, mental anguish, and loss of enjoyment of life.
- Individual claim caps are placed on this type of damages based on the size of the employer.
Attorney’s Fees
- The court may choose to award attorney’s fees to the prevailing, or winning, party.
Punitive Damages
- These types of damages are limited to cases in which the employer’s discrimination is intentional and was done with malice or reckless indifference to the individual’s rights. Punitive damages are meant to punish the defendant for its behavior. Therefore, not every case will merit punitive damages.
- Claim caps also apply to these awards.
Front Pay
- Designed to compensate the victim for anticipated future losses due to discrimination when the employer refuses to reinstate the employer or the court determines that reinstatement is not feasible.
Injunctive Relief
- Common examples of injunctive relief including reinstating a terminated employee or ordering the employer to prevent future discrimination.
Recent Legal Developments
The landscape of pregnancy discrimination law has seen significant changes with the introduction of the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act (PWFA). Enacted in 2023, the PWFA mandates that employers provide reasonable accommodations for employees affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related conditions unless it would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the business. This marks a pivotal step forward in protecting the rights and health of pregnant workers across the United States.
Best Practices for Employers
To foster a discrimination-free workplace, employers are encouraged to adopt best practices that support pregnant employees. This includes maintaining updated job descriptions, providing training on non-discrimination policies, and engaging in an interactive process to determine appropriate accommodations. Employers should also be vigilant in investigating any complaints of discrimination and taking prompt corrective action when necessary.
Impactful Stories
The power of the law is best understood through the stories of those it protects. For instance, a case study involving a pregnant employee who was denied light-duty work illustrates the necessity of the PWFA. Under the new law, such an employee would be entitled to reasonable accommodations, ensuring they do not have to choose between their job and a healthy pregnancy.
Supportive Workplace Strategies
Creating a supportive environment for pregnant employees is crucial for their well-being and the overall health of the organization. Employers can implement policies that provide flexibility, such as remote work options or modified work schedules. Additionally, fostering an inclusive culture where pregnant employees feel valued and supported can lead to better health outcomes and a more productive workforce.
Psychological Impact and Mental Health Support
The psychological toll of pregnancy discrimination cannot be overstated. Women who face discrimination during this critical life stage may experience increased stress, anxiety, and even depression. It is essential for employers to not only comply with legal requirements but also to provide mental health support. This could include access to counseling services, stress management programs, and a supportive work culture that acknowledges the unique challenges faced by pregnant employees.
The Role of Allies in the Workplace
Allies play a crucial role in combating pregnancy discrimination. Colleagues and managers who stand up against discriminatory practices help create an environment where such behavior is not tolerated. They can also provide support to affected employees, assist in navigating company policies, and advocate for more inclusive practices.
Societal Implications
Pregnancy discrimination is not just a workplace issue; it has broader societal implications. It perpetuates gender inequality and can have long-term economic impacts on families. Addressing this issue is crucial for building a more equitable society where all individuals, regardless of gender or family status, have equal opportunities to succeed.
Embracing Equity: The Path Forward in Combating Pregnancy Discrimination
Pregnancy discrimination is a multifaceted issue that requires a comprehensive approach to address. Legal protections like the PWFA are a significant step forward, but they are just one piece of the puzzle. Employers must implement best practices, provide mental health support, and foster a culture of allyship to ensure pregnant employees are treated with fairness and respect. As we move towards a more inclusive future, it is imperative that we recognize the value of every employee and the contributions they bring to the workplace, during pregnancy and beyond. By doing so, we not only comply with the law but also embrace the principles of diversity, equity, and inclusion that are essential for any thriving organization.